Measured orbital velocities for hydrogen clouds in over 60 galaxie and found the velocity does not decrease at large distances from the center as would be expected if the centripetal acceleration were due to the gravitational pull of luminous matter in the galaxy. These measurements are major support for the widespread belief, now based on other observations as well, that there may be large amounts of  dark matter in the universe .

Some Important Publications:

"Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions," Astrophysical Journal 159: 379 (1970), with W. K. Ford, Jr..

• This was the first of the detailed studies of orbital rotation in galaxies.

• I returned to the subject of my Master's thesis, which had been believed by very few astronomers. But not I obtained my own data to look for large scale motions in the universe. This paper was also believed by very few, but the subject became a major branch of extragalactic astronomy a few years later.

• When the subject of large scale motions became too competitive and crowded, I returned to galaxies rotation properties. Observations of a set of spiral galaxies gave convincing evidence that orbital velocities of stars in galaxies were unexpectedly high at large distances from the nucleus. This paper was enormously influential in convincing astronomers that most of the matter in the universe is dark, and much of it is clumped about galaxies.

• A later paper which brought together data for about 60 galaxies.

"Cospatial Counterrotating Stellar Disks in the Virgo E7/S0 Galaxy NGC 4550," Astrophysical Journal (Lett.) 394: L9-L12 (1992), with J. A. Graham and J. P. D. Kennedy.

• I discovered from observations of NGC 4550 that in the single disk of this galaxy, half the stars orbit clockwise, and hals the stars orbit counterclockwise, both systems intermingled. this observation required that many astronomers modify the manner in shich they measured velocities, for computer programs were not then equipped to handle such complexity, A nice discovery to make at age 63!

• The Russel Prize Lecture - a chance to survey the history of earlier studies of rotation properties of galaxies.

"Bright Galaxies, Dark Matter," in Masters of Modern Physics Series. Springer Verlag/AIP Press: New York, 1997

• A collection of less technical papers and articles for the public.

Member, National Academy of Sciences

Beatrice Tinsley Visiting Professor, University of Texas

National Medal of Science

Russell Prize of American Astronomical Society

Dickson Prize in Science, Carnegie Mellon University

Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (London)
[The first woman to be awarded this Medal since Caroline Herschel in 1828.]

Honorary Doctorates from:

Creighton University (1978)
Harvard University (1988)
Yale University (1990)
Williams College (1993)
University of Michigan (1996)
Georgetown University 1997
Ohio State University (1998).

1954-55 Instructor, Mathematics and Physics, Montgomery County Junior College
1955-65 Research Associate Astronomer, Georgetown University
1959-62 Lecturer, Georgetown University
1962-65 Assistant Professor of Astronomy, Georgetown University
1965-      Staff Member, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington

B.A. Vassar College 1948
M.A. Cornell University 1951
Ph.D. Georgetown University 1954

Sources and References consulted:

Vera Rubin and [1A N20], [amw1994], [17 MWR2], [34 WIP], [43 AL], [44 DO], [54 JSB], [58 SH].

Some recommended reading:

Vera Rubin's Dark Universe

Additional Information/Comments:

In 1965, Rubin became the first woman permitted to observe at the Palomar Observatory.

When George Gamow invited Rubin to visit him at the Applied Physics Laboratory,(?), they had to talk in the lobby of the Laboratory because women were not allowed in to the offices. [44 DO]

With Carnegie colleague, Kent Ford,built one of the first spectrographs to incorporate image tubes, and took it to Kitt Peak to study quasars with the new telescopes being built there. [44 DO]

Studied velocity fields of galaxie by the long-slit method in work with E. Margaret Burbidge in 1964. Their first work together was published in "A study of the velocity field in M82 and its bearing on explosive phenomena in that galaxy." E. M. Burbidge, G. R. Burbidge, and V. C. Rubin,Astrophys. J.(USA) 140: 942 (1964)

Wrote in Science Magazine "E. Margaret Burbidge, President-Elect" [s1981vcr]on the occasion of Burbidge's election as President of American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Sandra Faber was a student of Rubin.

Rubin is married to mathematician Robert Rubin. They have four children all of whom have doctorate in scientific fields.

Some Professional Activities:

Associate Editor, Astronomical Journal (1972-77)
Associate Editor, Astrophysical Journal Letters (1977-82)
Editorial Board, Science Magazine (1979-87)

Field Editors: Jean Turner/Nina Byers

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